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- <text id=93TT0522>
- <title>
- Nov. 15, 1993: Very Bad Blood
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1993
- Nov. 15, 1993 A Christian In Winter:Billy Graham
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- EUROPE, Page 65
- Very Bad Blood
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>The discovery of HIV-tainted plasma in Germany raises alarm
- about the ability to ensure safe supplies worldwide
- </p>
- <p>By JAMES O. JACKSON/BONN--With reporting by Nomi Morris/Berlin, Rhea Schoenthal/Bonn and
- Dick Thompson/Washington
- </p>
- <p> It began with simple arithmetic. German health officials tracing
- some unexplained cases of HIV infection examined the records
- of a small blood-supply company in Koblenz last month and noticed
- a startling discrepancy. UB Plasma had sold 7,000 units of blood
- since 1992 but had purchased only 2,500 kits to screen for HIV,
- the virus that causes AIDS. The conclusion: either the firm
- had failed to test thousands of units, or it had "pooled" units
- from multiple donors before conducting the tests, an illegal
- practice that reduces the chances of detecting HIV contamination.
- </p>
- <p> Investigators discovered that after UB Plasma began running
- into financial trouble two years ago, technicians were told
- to pool units to save money on the $2 test kits. When the German
- manufacturer of the kits stopped deliveries because UB Plasma
- was not paying its bills, technicians switched to an unauthorized
- and even less reliable test. There was also chilling evidence
- that the firm may have distributed blood that was not screened
- at all.
- </p>
- <p> When the extent of the violations became clear in October, the
- authorities moved quickly to shut down UB Plasma. They arrested
- the manager and three employees on charges of fraud and "negligent
- bodily harm." Last week they began tracing batches of company
- blood distributed to at least 88 hospitals and four companies
- in Germany and abroad. Three cases of HIV have been attributed
- to tainted blood, but a prominent pharmacologist, Ulrich Moebius,
- warned there may be more. "This," he said, "is only the tip
- of the iceberg."
- </p>
- <p> The news of potential contamination of Germany's blood supply
- hit like a bombshell in a country already shocked by a decade-old
- scandal implicating negligent health officials in a cover-up
- of HIV-infected blood. The reports of HIV cases from UB Plasma
- blood raised fears among millions who had received transfusions
- over the past eight years. Hospitals were flooded with calls
- from former patients, and health administrators faced a rash
- of cancellations of elective surgery. "People aren't just afraid,
- they're panicking," said Erhard Seifried of the German Red Cross.
- </p>
- <p> Health officials made valiant efforts to play down the threat
- of infection. "The absolute risk for the general population
- is extremely low," insisted Dr. Robert Zimmermann, head of the
- blood bank at Berlin's Rudolf Virchow Clinic. Dr. Elke Gossrau
- of the German Red Cross put the risk at about 1 in 1 million.
- </p>
- <p> The official response did little to calm fears. Health Minister
- Horst Seehofer recommended that anybody who had received blood
- products since 1982 undergo a test for HIV--which caused a
- run on testing sites. Hospitals were laboriously checking records
- to identify patients who received blood from UB Plasma, but
- the task was huge and the records were not always clear on the
- source of the products used.
- </p>
- <p> German officials may be guilty of laxity in policing the blood
- industry, especially UB Plasma. From 1985 to 1989 the firm operated
- without a license by exploiting a loophole in the law permitting
- production of small batches of plasma with case-by-case approval.
- In 1987 a UB Plasma worker told government officials that the
- company was distributing questionable blood products. The company's
- recent poor financial condition went unnoticed by regulators.
- </p>
- <p> The scare rapidly spread beyond Germany. UB Plasma records showed
- shipments went to Austria, Greece and Saudi Arabia, as well
- as to intermediary companies that may have sent the products
- to France, the Netherlands, Britain, Portugal, Sweden, Italy
- and Switzerland. U.S. armed forces stationed in Germany rely
- on their own blood sources, which have been screened for HIV.
- Officials said they do not purchase blood products locally.
- </p>
- <p> The case raised doubts about the blood industry worldwide and
- the safety of supplies. In the U.S., American Red Cross spokesman
- Felix Perez insisted that the supply "is safer than it has ever
- been." But the industry has persistently failed to follow Food
- and Drug Administration standards for blood screening. FDA Commissioner
- David Kessler, in congressional testimony in July, accused suppliers
- of "not assuming adequate responsibility for putting in place
- and then following the basic quality-assurance programs and
- standard operating procedures required to assure the safety
- of the blood supply." Some critics argue that the German system
- is fundamentally flawed because it makes use of for-profit companies
- that may be tempted to take shortcuts such as buying blood from
- questionable donors or pooling blood for testing. A former UB
- Plasma employee alleged that drug-addict donors were accepted
- there. "Profits should not be allowed in the blood business,"
- said Ellis Huber, head of Berlin's medical association. "The
- temptation to cheat is too great."
- </p>
- <p> In the end, patients may have to resign themselves to putting
- their lives in the hands of an increasingly beleaguered health
- system. At the same time, they should insist that their politicians
- do a better job of policing an industry that is, literally,
- their life's blood.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-